AI Adoption Criteria for Adaptive E-Learning Systems in Conflict Zones: Insights from Palestinian Schools

Authors

  • Ashraf Ibrahim Abdallah Qahman Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bandar Baru Bangi, Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia Author
  • Hadi A. Dahlan Fakulti Teknologi dan Sains Maklumat, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bandar Baru Bangi, Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia Author
  • Mujahid Hamood Hilal Alzakwani Centre for Language and Foundation Studies, A’Sharqiyah University (ASU), Ibra, 400, Oman Author
  • Murad Ali Ahmad Al-Zaqeba Faculty of Economics and Muamalat (FEM), Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14516/ete.12206

Keywords:

AI in education, adaptive learning systems, learning analytics, digital technology in schools, conflict-affected schools, ethical dimensions of digital governance

Abstract

This study investigates key factors influencing the adoption of AI-enabled adaptive e-learning systems (AI-AELS) in conflict-affected contexts, using Palestinian schools as a case study. A cross-sectional survey of 207 teachers and ICT coordinators in Gaza informed the analysis. Six constructs were examined: Institutional Ethics & Governance, Learning Assessment AI, Design and Presentation AI, Adaptation and Personalization AI, Data Processing using Learning Analytics and AI, and Learning Content. The 11-item instrument was validated through expert review, pilot testing, and confirmatory factor analysis. Structural Equation Modeling (SmartPLS 4) identified Data Processing (β = 0.512, p < 0.001) and Adaptation and Personalization (β = 0.345, p < 0.001) as the strongest adoption predictors, followed by Learning Content and Ethics & Governance. Design and Assessment had smaller effects. Findings emphasize the importance of culturally adaptive, ethically sound AI-AELS tailored for fragile educational systems, offering an empirical foundation for informed policy and design in conflict-zone education.

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Published

2025-11-06

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025)

Section

Articles