From Ottoman colonial rule to nation statehood: Schooling and national identity in the early Greek school

Autori

  • Theodore G. Zervas North Park University (Chicago). United States Autore

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14516/ete.137

Parole chiave:

Colonial Greece, Education, National Identity

Abstract

After Ottoman colonial rule, education in Greece became an important institution for the ideological construction of a Greek national identity. This paper looks at schooling in Greece just prior to the Greek Revolution and immediately after Greek Independence, and how the Greek national school system assisted in the construction of a Greek national identity. This paper is divided into several sections. The introductory section discusses how a newly independent Greek nation-state struggled to unite the Greek people under a collective national identity. While most people at the time identified with their families, communities, and Greek Orthodox Christian religion, after Greek independence people began to see themselves as members of a broader Greek nation. The section that follows provides a discussion of Greek education during Ottoman colonial rule, and how a type of Greek identity (centered around the Greek Orthodox Christian faith) was maintained through the Greek Orthodox mileu. The Greek Church ran schools, and taught Greek children how to read and write, as well as the virtues of the Orthodox Christian faith. Section three of the article looks at Greek education during the early years of the Greek nation-state. In this section the general contours of the Greek educational system are delineated. The section also discusses how the organization of the Greek national school system was borrowed from extant school models found in Western Europe. Section four describes the Greek national curriculum and how the national curriculum would help to teach future generations of Greek citizens what it meant to be Greek. This is further reinforced in the Greek school textbook, which is part of the discussion in section five. Section five concludes with the role of education and its implications in uniting nations from around the world.

Riferimenti bibliografici

Anderson, Benedict. (2006). Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso Press.

Antoniou, David. (2002). Η εκπαίδευση κατα την ελληνική επανάσταση [Education During the Greek Revolution]. Athens: Hellenic Parliament.

Apostolopoulos, Th. (1883). Η παλιγγενεσία της Eλλάδος [The rebirth of Greece]. Athens: Anesti Constantinidi Publishers.

Apostolos, V. (1966). Κείμενα πηγαί της ελληνικής επανάστασης [Sources of the Greek Revolution]. Athens: Adelphon.

Asimakopolos, I. (1889). Γεωγραφία του ελληνικού κράτους [The geography of the Greek nation]. Athens: Evagelos Anasiadis Publishers.

Author Unknown. (1813). Παιδαγωγία ήτοι πρώτα μαθήματα των παίδων [Pedagogy and first lessons the children].Vienna:Ioannis Varth Publishers.

Avdela, Efie. (2000). The Teaching of History in Greece. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 18(2).

Braude, Benjamin (1982). Foundation Myths on the Millet System. In Braude, B., & Lewis, B. (Eds.), Christian and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society (pp. 69-88). Teaneck: Holmes & Meier Publishers.

Bickford-Smith, R A. H. (1893). Greece Under King George. London: Richard Bentely and Son.

Bouzakis, S. (1995). Εκπαιδευτικές μεταρρυθμίσεις στην Ελλάδα [Educational Reforms in Greece]. Athens: Gutenberg.

Bouzakis, S. (2011). Greek Teacher’s Mastery (1834-2010): From the Teacher of the National State to the Teacher of Intercultural and the European Dimension. In Anastasiades et. al. (Eds.), Teacher Education in the Modern Era: Trends and Issues. Athens: Pedagogical Institute.

Cavarnos, Constantine. (1995). Cultural and Educational Continuity of Greece. Belmont: Institute for Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies.

Dimaras, Α. (2013). Ιστορία της Νεοελληνικής Εκπαίδευσης [History of modern Greek education]. Athens: Metechmio.

Drakis, I. (1880). Γραμματική υμνογραφία [Basic drawing]. Athens: Neotati Publishers.

Gallant, Thomas W. (2015). The Edinburgh History of the Greek, 1768 to 1913: The Long Nineteenth Century. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Gallant, Thomas W. (2016). Modern Greece: From War of Independence to the Present. London: Bloomsbury Academic.

Gennadius, J. (1925). A Sketch of the History of Education in Greece. Paper presented to the World Federation of Education Associations Conference in Edinburgh, Moray Place.

Gerakis, G. (1893). Πρακτική αριθμητική [Practical arithmetic]. Athens: Stavrianou Publishers.

Gourgouris, Stathis. (1996). Dream Nation: Enlightenment, Colonization and the Institution of Modern Greece. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.

Hamilakis, Yannis. (2003). Learn History! Antiquity, National Narrative, and History in Greek Educational Textbooks. In Brown K.S., & Hamilakis, Yannis (Eds.), The Usable Past: Greek Metahistories. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Hatzopoulos, K. (1991). Ελληνικά σχολεία στην περίοδο της οθωμανικής κυριαρχίας 1453-1821 [The Greek school during Ottoman rule 1453-1821]. Thessaloniki: Vanias Publishers.

Kalafati, E. (1988). Τα σχολικά κτίρια της πρωτοβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης 1821-1928 [The primary school buildings 1821-1928]. Athens: Geniki Gramatias Neas Genias.

Kazamias, Andreas. (1990). The Education of the Greeks in the Ottoman Empire: A Case Study of Controlled Toleration. In Tomiak, Janusz (Ed.), Schooling, Educational Policy and Ethnic Identity. New York: New York University Press.

Kekavmenos, G. (2012). Το κρυφό σχολείο: το χρονικό μιας ιστορίας [The secret school: a chronicled history]. Athens: Enallatikes Publishers.

Kolokotsas, D. (1906). Ελληνικόν αναγνώσματάριον [Greek reader]. Athens: Ioannis N. Sideris Publishers.

Koulouri, Christina. (1991). Dimensions Ideologiques de I’Hisroricite an Grece (1834-1914). Bern & New York: Peter Lang.

Lampadarios, Ν. (1928). Μαθήματα σχολικής υγιεινής [Lessons in school hygiene]. Athens: Sfendonis Publishers.

Mackridge, Peter. (2009). Language and National Identity in Greece, 1766-1976. Oxford: University Press.

Massialas, Byron G. (1981). The Educational System of Greece. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Massialas, Byron G. (2005). Νεοελληνική εκπαίδευση 1821-1998 [Modern Greek education 1821-1998]. Athens: Gutenberg.

Misiodax, Iosippos. (1779). Περί παίδων αγωγής ή παιδαγωγία [Pedogogy]. Venice. Nicholao Glikei Publishers.

Papavasiliou, Α. (1898). Χρηστομάθεια [Virtuous learning]. Athens: Estia Publication.

Paparrigopoulos, K. (1877). (Later editions by Pavlos Karolidis). Ιστορία του ελληνικού έθνους [History of the Greek nation]. Athens: Eleutheroudakis Publishers.

Paparrigopoulos, K. (1886). Ιστορία του ελληνικού έθνους από την αρχαιότητα έως σήμερα για τη διδασκαλία μαθητών [History of the Greek nation from ancient times to the present for the teaching of students]. Athens: Anestis Konstantinidis Publishers.

Paparousi, P. (1889). Ιστορία της αρχαίος ελλάδος [Ancient Greek history]. Constantinople: Neologou Publishers.

Peckham, Robert Shannan. (2001). National Histories, Natural States: Nationalism and the Politics of Place in Greece. London & New York: I.B. Tauris.

Repoussi, Maria. (2011). History Education in Greece. In Erdmann, E., & Hasberg W. (Eds.), Facing, Mapping, Bridging Diversity: Foundation of the European Discourse on History Education. Saarbrücken: Wochenschau Wissenschaft.

Sant Cassia, Paul, & Bada, Constatina. (1992). The Making of the Modern Greek Family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sounatsos, I. (1909). Οδηγίαι διδασκαλίας [Teaching instructions]. Athens: Published by the Kingdom of Greece.

Sergeant, Lewis. (1897). Greece: In the Nineteenth Century. London: T. Fisher Unwin.

Stouraiti, Anastasia and Kazamias, Alexandra. (2010). The Imaginary Topographies of the Megali Idea: National Territory as Utopia. In Diamandouros, Nikiforos, Keyder, Caglar, & Dragonas, Tahlia. Spatial Conceptions of the Nation: Modernizing Geographies in Greece and Turkey. London & New York: Tauris Academic Studies.

Tirs, F. (1974). Η ελλάδα του Καποδίστρια, δύο τόμοι [Kapodistria’s Greece, Two Volumes]. Athens: Tolidis.

Tsiamis, Κ. et. al. (2014). Η συνδρομή της έδρας της μικροβιολογίας της ιατρικής σχολής Αθηνών στην ελληνική σχολική υγιεινή: 1900-1920 [The Assistance of the chair of microbiology, medical school of Athens in Greek school health programs: 1900-1920]. Thesis. Athens, 54(4).

Tsoukalas, Constantine. (2002). The Irony of Symbolic Reciprocities-The Greek Meaning of Europe as a Historical Inversion of the European Meaning on Greece. In Malmborg, Mikale af, & Strath, Bo. The Meaning of Europe. Oxford & New York: Berg Press.

Voltis, T. (1988). Αναγνωστικά δύο αιώνων στον τιμητικό σχόλιο: 150 χωνιά παιδευτικής πορείας (1830-1984) [Readers from the last two centuries in the elementary schools: 150 years of teaching and learning]. Athens: Smyrniotakis.

Zambeta, Evie. (2000). Religion and National Identity in Greek Education. Intercultural Education, 11(2).

Zervas, Theodore G. (2010). National Identity and Education in the Early Modern Greek State. Historical Yearbook, 7. Bucharest: Institutul de Istorie.

Zervas, Theodore G. (2016). Η διαμόρφωση της νεοελληνικής ταυτότητας: εκπαίδευση, εθνικισμός και διδασκαλία της ιστορίας του ελληνικού έθνους [The making of a modern Greek identity: education, nationalism, and the teaching of a Greek national history] Athens: S.I. Zacharopoulos Press

Pubblicato

2017-01-01