Developments in Bulgarian Education: from the Ottoman Empire to the Nation-State and beyond, 1800-1940s

Autores/as

  • Krassimira Daskalova Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski. Bulgaria Autor/a

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14516/ete.163

Palabras clave:

Bulgarian education, nineteenth and twentieth century, gender, teachers, educational equality and laws

Resumen

This article aims at presenting the major developments of modern Bulgarian education during the 19th and early 20th centuries. It relies on statistical and other primary sources, and on secondary materials, and uses both quantitative and qualitative methods. The first part follows the development of the educational movement among Bulgarians, stimulated by the modernizing Tanzimat reforms (1839-1876) of the Ottoman Empire; the second part – tells the story of the state supported education after the establishment of the Bulgarian nation-state in 1878 up until 1944 when the communist came into power. The article pays special attention to the differences in women’s and men’s education and the gradual move towards greater gender equality in education during the second half of the 20th century.

Referencias

Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. London and New York: Verso.

Balabanov, N., & Manev, A. (Eds.). (1943). Suvmestno obuchenie na momicheta I momcheta (Co-education of girls and boys). Vol. 1.

Blagoeva, V. (1893). Po zhenskoto obrazovanie [About women’s education]. Zhenskii sviat (Women’s world), I(10), 74-75.

Bock, G. (2000). Frauen in der Europäische Geschichte: From Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart. München: C. H. Beck.

Chakurov, N. (1982). Istoria na obrazovanieto I pedagogicheskata misul v Bulgaria [The history of education and pedagogical thought in Bulgaria]. Vol. 2. Sofia: Narodna Prosveta.

Daskalov, R. (2005). Bulgarskoto obshtestvo. Tom 2: Naselenie. Obshtestvo. Kultura [Bulgarian society. Vol. 2: People. Society. Culture]. Sofia: IK «Guttenberg».

Daskalova, K. (1997). Bulgarskiat uchitel prez Vuzrazhdaneto [Bulgarian teacher during the national revival[. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment Ohridski».

Daskalova, K. (1998). Ot syankata na istoriata: Zhenite v bulgarskoto obshtestvo I kultura [From the shadow of history: Women in the Bulgarian society and culture]. Sofia: Dom na naukite za choveka.

Daskalova, K. (1999). Gramotnost, knizhnina, chitat´li I chetene v Bulgaria na prehoda kum modernoto vreme [Literacy, books, readers and reading in Bulgaria on the road to modernity, 19th-early 20th C]. Sofia: LIK.

Daskalova, K. (2002). Women, Nationalism, and Nation-State in Bulgaria (1800-1940s). In Jovanovic, M., & Naumovic, S. (Eds.), Gender Relations in South Eastern Europe: Historical Perspectives on Womanhood and Manhood in 19th and 20th Century (pp. 15-37). Belgrade: Udruzenje za drustvenu istoriju.

Daskalova, K. (2008). Women in the Balkans, 19th - 20th C. In Smith, B. (General Editor), Oxford Encyclopaedia of Women’s and Gender History. Vol. 1 (pp. 185-195). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Daskalova, K. (2010). Nation Building, Patriotism, and Women’s Citizenship: Bulgaria in Southeastern Europe. In Albisetti, J., Goodman, J., & Rogers, R. (Eds.), Girls’ Secondary Education in the Western World. From the 18th to the 20th Century (pp. 149-164). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Daskalova, K. (2012). Zheni, pol I modernizatsia v Bulgaria, 1878-1944 [Women, gender and modernization in Bulgaria, 1878-1944]. Sofia: Sofia University Press.

Daskalova, K. (2012a). Women’s Suffrage in Bulgaria. In Rodrigues-Ruiz, B., & Rubio-Marin, R. (Eds.), The Struggle for Female Suffrage in Europe. Voting to Become Citizens (pp. 273-288). Leiden and Boston: Brill.

Daskalova, K. (2017). Bulgarian Women in Legal Education and the Legal Profession During the First Half of the Twentieth Century. In Kimle, S., & Röwekamp, M. (Eds.), New Perspectives on European Women’s Legal History (pp. 198-216). New York and London: Routledge.

Dimitrov, A. (1987). Uchilishteto, progresut I natsionalnata revolutsia [The school, the progress and the national revolution]. Sofia: Akademichno izdatelstvo «Marin Drinov».

Dimitrov, K. (1974). Bulgarskata intelligentsia pri kapitalizma [The Bulgarian intelligentsia during the capitalism]. Sofia: Nauka i izkustvo.

Fournaraki, E. (1992). «Institutrice, femme et mere»: Idees sur l’education des femmes Grecques au XIXeme siecle (1830-1880) (Unpublished Thesis. These de doctorat en histoire et civilizations). Paris: Universite de Paris VII.

Gentchev, N., & Daskalova, K. (1988). Bulgarska vuzrozhdenska intelligentsia. Encylopedia [Bulagrian revivalist intelligentsia. Encyclopedia]. Sofia: Petur Beron.

Gentchev, N. (1990). Bulgarska vuzrozhdenska intelligentsia [Bulagrian revivalist intelligentsia]. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment Ohridski».

Kaichev, N. (2003). Makedoniio vuzzhelana. Armiata, uchilishteto I gradezhut na natsiata v Surbia I Bulgaria (1878-1912) [Macedonio desired. The army, the school and the creation of the nation in Serbia and Bulgaria (1878-1912)]. Sofia: Paradigma.

Kouyumdjieva, M. (1996). Intelectualniat elit na bulgarskoto obshtestvo prez Vuzrazhdaneto [Intellectual elite of the Bulgarian society during the period of national revival]. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment Ohridski».

Laqueur, T. (1990). Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, Mass and London, England: Harvard University Press.

Marinova-Hristidi, R. (2013). Vissheto brazovanie v Bulgaria ot suvetskite do Bolonskite reformi [University education in Bulgaria from the Soviet to Bolonia reforms]. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment Ohridski».

Miladinova-Alexieva, Tsarevna (1985). Epoha, zemia I hora [Epoch, land and people]. Sofia: Izdatelstvo na Otechestvenia front.

Nazurska, G. (2003). Universitetskoto obrazovanie I bulgarskite zheni, 1879-1944 [University education and Bulgarian women, 1878-1944]. Sofia: IMIR.

Pironkova, M. (2015). Gimnazialnoto obrazovanie v Bulgaria, 1878-1944 [Secondary education in Bulgaria, 1878-1944]. Sofia: Universitetsko izdatelstvo «Sv. Kliment Ohridski».

Reeves-Ellington, B. (2004). A Vision of Mount Holyoke in the Ottoman Balkans: American Cultural Transfer, Bulgarian Nation-Building and Women’s Education Reform, 1858-1870. Gender & History, 16(1), 152-153.

Rousseau, J. J. (1983). Emile. In Bell, S. G., & Offen, K. M. (Eds.), Women, the Family and Freedom. The Debate in Documents. Vol. 1 (1750-1880) (pp. 43-49). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.

Stavrianos, L. (2000). The Balkans Since 1453. New York: C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.

Sundhaussen (1994). Alphabetisierung und Wirtschaftswachstum in den Balkanländern in historisch komparativer Perspektive. In Reiter, N., & Sundhausen, H. (Hrsg.), Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen. Band 23: Allgemeinbildung als Modernizierungsfaktor. Berlin: Osteuropa-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin.

Tcholakova, M. (1994). Bulgarskoto zhensko dvizhenie prez Vuzrazhdaneto [Bulgarian women’s movement during the national revival]. Sofia: Albo.

Tosheva, A. (1911). Avtobiografia [Autobiography]. Stara Zagora: Svetlina.

Ziogou-Karasterghiou, S. (1986). «Demoiselles sages et meres parfaites»: Les objectifs des ecoles pour filles et la politique de l›enseignement au 19eme siecle. In Historicite de l’enfance et de la jeunesse. Actes du colloque international (pp. 399-416). Athens: Archives historique de la jeunesse grecque.

Descargas

Publicado

2017-01-01