Challenges in Greek education during the 1960s: the 1964 educational reform and its overthrow
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14516/ete.215Keywords:
educational reform, modernization, democratization, Greek education, educational policyAbstract
In Greece, during the 1960s a new period began which marked a break with the past and the start of a new approach for the future. After the post-war period, Greek society began to balance the State budget and create the conditions for the country’s accession to the European Common Market. This was the context in which, in 1964, the second meaningful educational reform of the 20th century was attempted. However, in 1965, the educational reform was quickly blocked on account of the unstable political situation and the imminent dictatorship. This paper examines the changes in Education adopted as part of the 1964 educational reform within their historical and political context, and provides an overview of the major political and educational events that led to their early overthrow in 1965.
References
Adamou, G. (2011). Τhe journal entitled «Platon» and the 1964 educational reform. Msc. (Thesis). School of Philosophy, Pedagogy, and Psychology. Ioannina, University of Ioannina. [in Greek]
Agelakos, K. (2017). Access to Higher Education (1964-2014): The unbearable repetition and the unbearable lightness of public political discourse and dialogue. Athens: Metaixmio. [in Greek]
Andriotes, N. (Eds.) (1965). Symposium on the «dimotiki» (Modern Greek). Athens: Athens Technological Institute. [in Greek]
Athanasiades, H. (2015). The withdrawn books: Nation and school history in Greece, 1858-2008. Athens: Alexandria. [in Greek]
Bouzakis, S., & P. Simeni (2009). The Faculty of the University of Athens and the educational reforms 1913, 1929 and 1964. Issues in History of Education, 8, 73-92. [in Greek]
Bouzakis, S. (1999). George A. Papandreou, 1888-1968: Political education. Vol. 2. Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
Bouzakis, S. (2002). Educational reforms in Greece. Primary and Secondary General, Technological and Vocational Education. Vol. 2. Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
Bouzakis, S. (2011). The educational reform of 1964-1965. In Bouzakis, S. (Eds.), Panorama of the history of education. Sides and opinions. Modern education 1821-2010. Vol. 2 (pp. 223-240). Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
Carabott, Ph. (2005). Evangelika (1901) - Oresteiaka (1903): Modern pressures and social resistance. Athens: Etaireia Spoudon Neoellinikou Politismou kai Genikis Paideias. [in Greek]
Centre Union (1962). Mavri Vivlos: The Chronicle of the Election Conspiracy of 29-10-1961. Athens: Centre Union. [in Greek]
Christidis, Chr. (2012). The «unyielding struggle» of the Centre Union: From the 1961 elections to K. Karamanlis’ resignation. (Ph.D.). University of Athens, School of History and Archeology. [in Greek]
Clogg, R. (1987). Parties and Elections in Greece: The search for Legitimacy. Durham-North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Clogg, R. (1991). Enosis Kentrou (Centre Union): Liberals in power? In Liberalism in Greece (pp. 119-130). Athens: Hestia. [in Greek]
Demotic praise. Philologist, n. 2, September 1964, pp. 49-50. [in Greek]
Diamantopoulos, I. (1991). Enosis Kentrou (Centre Union): Party of Authorities or Power Group? In Liberalism in Greece (pp. 131-150). Athens: Hestia. [in Greek]
Dimaras, Al. (19982). The reform has not happened: Evidence of history. Vol. 2. Athens: Hestia. [in Greek]
Dimaras, Al. (2000a). Reform and counter-reform (1964-1976). In: History of the Greek nation. Vol. 16. Athens: Ekdotiki Athinon. [in Greek]
Dimaras, Al. (2000b). School education: The new reforms. In Panayotopoulos, V. (Eds.), History of modern Hellenism, 1770-2000 (pp. 167-180). Athens: Greek Letters. [in Greek]
Dimaras, Al. (2013). History of Greek Education: «The intercepted jump». Trends and resistances in Greek education 1833-2000. Athens: Metaixmio. [in Greek]
Dimopoulou, I. (2016). The teaching of ancient Greek literature of translation in the context of the educational reform of 1964: Welcome, opinions, reactions. (MSc thesis). Thessaloniki: Department of Philosophy-Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. [in Greek]
Doukas, T. (2011). The school during the era of the dictatorship (1867-74). In Bouzakis, S. (Eds.), Panorama of the history of education. Sides and opinions. Modern education 1821-2010. Vol. 2 (pp. 241-252). Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
Foukas, V. (2011). The Faculty of Philosophy of Thessaloniki University from its establishment to the regime change: Peoples and programs, continuity and discontinuity. In Bouzakis, S. (Eds.), Panorama of the history of education. Sides and opinions. Modern education 1821-2010. Vol. 2 (pp. 485-509). Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
Foukas, V. (2016). The Faculty of Philosophy of Thessaloniki University, 1926-1940: People and programs, course and forefront. Thessaloniki: Kyriakides publications. [in Greek]
Foukas, V. (2017). Evangelos Papanoytsos and the chair of Systematic Philosophy at the Faculty of the University of Thessaloniki: Fallow struggles and suspense. In Foteinos, D., Simeni, P., & Papadakis, N. (Eds.), Education and educational reform: Historical-comparative approaches (pp. 437-467). Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
Hadjivasiliou, Eyan. (2010). Greek liberalism: The radical tide, 1932-1979. Athens: Patakis Publications. [in Greek]
Haralambous, D. Ph. (1990). Educational policy and educational reform in post-war Greece (1950-1974). (Ph.D.). Faculty of Philosophy, Education and Psychology, Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. [in Greek]
Kakrides, I. (1964). The Educational Bill and its critics. The age-old Greek tradition and the new needs of the era. To Vima, 29/8/1964, p. 5. [in Greek]
Kakrides, I. (1965). Educational reform: For and anti. Roundtable. Alpha, 28, 25/11/1965, p. 24. [in Greek]
Karamanolakis, V. (2010) (Eds.). The military dictatorship, 1967-1974. Athens: Ta Nea. [in Greek]
Kasimates, G., P. Petrides, A., & Sideratos (1988). George Papandreou (1888-1968). Highlights of modern political History. Athens: Nea Sinora. [in Greek]
Kelpanides, M. (1997). Welfare State and education: equality of opportunity and equality of outcome-Education as an individual achievement or social benefit. Vol. 1. Thessaloniki: Kyriakides Brothers Publishing House. [in Greek]
Kiprianos, P. (2004). Comparative History of Greek education. Athens: Vivliorama. [in Greek]
Kiprianos, P. (2016). The magic of the degree: Universities, alumni, social trajectories (1837-2015). Athens: Vivliorama. [in Greek]
Kontoula, O. (2011). From the «late majority» to «laggards»: A comparative study of reforms of 1964 and 1976 as «incidents» during the diffusion process of an educational innovation in Greece. (MSc thesis). School of Philosophy-Education, Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. [in Greek]
Kostis, K. (2014). «The spoiled children of history»: The establishment of Modern Greek State 18th-21st century. Athens: Polis. [in Greek]
Law 4379/1964. «About the Organisation and Administration of the General Primary and Secondary Education». FEK. 182/vol. 1/24.10.1964. [in Greek]
Maronites, D. (1964). The Ancient Greek by translations. Philologist, 2, September 1964, 61-66. [in Greek]
Mavroskoufis, D. (2002). Christian clubs and educational policy (1964-1999): The rebellion of the «good homemaker» as an element of normalcy. In Bouzakis, S. (Ed.), Topical issues of History of Education. 1st Scientific Conference History of Education (pp. 121-141). Patra 28-30 September 2000, Athens: Gutenberg. [in Greek]
McCulloch, G. (1994). Educational Reconstruction: The 1944 Education Act and the 21st century. London: Woburn.
Meynaud, J. (19742). Political forces in Greece. The diversion of parliamentarians in July 1965. Translated by P. Merlopoulos. Vol. 2. Athens: Bairon. [in Greek]
Meynaud, J. (20022). The political forces in Greece 1946-1965. Translated by Merlopoulos, P., & Notaras. G. Vol. 1. Athens: Savalas. [in Greek]
Miller, J. E. (2009). The United States and the making of modern Greece: History and power, 1950-1974. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Ministry of Education (1959). Conclusions of the Committee on education. Athens: National Press. [in Greek]
Mitrosili, El. (2013). The educational reform of 1964 in Primary and Secondary Education and the critique of Eniaia Dimokratiki Aristera (United Democratic Left). (MSc thesis). Panteion University of Athens-Faculty of Political Science and History. [in Greek]
Moraitidis, M. (2015). The student movement in Greece: Political radicalisation and collective action (1956-1964). (Ph.D.). Volos: School of History, Archeology, and Social Anthropology. [in Greek]
National Statistical Service of Greece (1962). Results of the population and housing census of 19 March 1961. Vol. 2: Education. Athens: Kindom of Greece-N.S.S.G. [in Greek]
Nikolakopoulos, El. (2000). Political parties and elections in Greece 1946-1964: The Electoral geography of political forces. Athens: National Centre for Social Research. [in Greek]
Notes. Philologist, 4 June 1965, pp. 153-156. [in Greek]
Noutsos, H. (1979). Secondary Education: Programs and social control (1931-1973). Athens: Themelio. [in Greek]
Papanoytsos, E. (1965). Struggles and suspense in education. Athens: Ikaros. [in Greek]
Papanoytsos, E. (1982). Autobiography. Athens: Filippotis. [in Greek]
Papastratis, P. (2011). Foreword in the book of Michalis Limperatoy of the IPU in the SES versions Thinker. Athens. [in Greek]
Papazoglou, M. (1975). Students’ movement and dictatorship. Athens: Epikairotita. [in Greek]
Paschaloudis, H. (2009). The 1940s in the rhetoric of Greek factions: The political crisis of the past in the period 1950-1967. (Ph.D.). Thessaloniki, School of Balkan, Slavic and East Studies, University of Macedonia. [in Greek]
Pesmazoglou, St. (19992). Education and Development in Greece 1948-1985: The inharmonious of a Relationship. Athens: Themelio. [in Greek]
Pyrpyres, P. (2010). Omospondia Leitourgon Mesis Ekpedefsis (Officials’ Federation for Secondary Education) and educational policy (1949-1967). (Ph.D.). School of Sociology, Panteion University. [in Greek]
Repousi, M. (2012). Marasleiaka (1925-1927). Athens: Polis. [in Greek]
Sakellariou, M. (1964). The revitalisation of education. The Educational Bill, its aim and its opponents. C’. To Vima, 26/8/1964. pp. 1, 5. [in Greek]
Scientific Yearbook of the Faculty of Philosophy of University of Athens (1963-1964). Memorandum of Faculty of Philosophy of Athens University in governmental changes on education. Vol. 14 (pp. 587-599). Athens. [in Greek]
Skouteropoulos, I. (1964). A short check of main provisions of 1964s educational Bills. Athens. [in Greek]
Svoronos, N. (19762). Overview of Modern History. Athens: Themelio.
Terzis, N. P. (1993). Educational policy and educational reform: Program and reality, things and persons. Thessaloniki: Kyriakides Brothers Publishing House. [in Greek]
Terzis, N. P. (20002). High school as a grade of compulsory education: Critical inventory and comparative research. Thessaloniki: Kyriakides Brothers Publishing House. [in Greek]
Terzis, N. P. (2013). Study of education of Neohellinism. Before the State-in the State-out of the State. Thessaloniki: Kyriakides. [in Greek]
Tsoukalas, K. (1981). The Greek tragedy. Translated by Iordanidis, K. Athens: A. A. Livanis. [in Greek]
Tsoukalas, K. (2008). The Greek 1960s: short or long? In Regos, Al, Séphériadès, P., & Hadjivasiliou, E. (Eds.), The «short» decade of the 1960s: Institutional framework, partisan strategies, social conflicts, cultural processes (pp. 41-46). Athens: Kastaniotis. [in Greek]
