On the Global Hot Seat: University Presidents in the Global 1968
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14516/ete.277Keywords:
global studies, sixties, higher education, student movements, ideology, moral panicAbstract
The claim that ’68 was global has become axiomatic. How so, for whom, with what impact? Scholars have productively pursued two scales of analysis: grassroots and geopolitical. While student movements have been the premier instance of the more socio-cultural scale, seldom has their mobilization been analyzed vis-à-vis the ostensibly more macro scale of supra-state entitie. Intermediaries between these sectors, leaders of major universities occupied an acutely uncomfortable, pivotal place. Through historical analysis based on archival research (on the biographies of university administrators, student movements, and media debates) the Global 1968 is here considered from the perspective of higher education administrators at elite universities of capitalist empire in the mid-twentieth century at metropoles/global cities – London and New York – and semi-periphery nodes – Bloomington (Indiana, USA) and Mexico City. For such elites, consternation over the turmoil of 1968 constituted a kind of global moral panic when universities presidents found themselves the objects of intense pressures on multiple fronts: from students, to relinquish much authority, and at the same time, from fellow elites and much of the public, to forcefully discipline students. In juxtaposing brief biographies of these university presidents, we highlight the experiences and visions of the global that these men brought to the table, in relation to the pressures that they faced from student movements on their campuses as well as from political powers and the general public. These multi-scaler pressures constituted 1968 as a global phenomenon and put administrators squarely on this conjunctural hot seat.
References
Adelstein, D. (1969). Roots of the British Crisis. In Cockburn, A., & Blackburn, R. (Eds.), Student Power: Problems, Diagnosis, Action (pp. 59-81). Baltimore, MD: Penguin.
Bailey, B. (2002). Sex in the Heartland. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
Barros Sierra, J. (1972). 1968: Conversaciones con Gastón García Contú. Mexico City: Siglo veintiuno editores.
Billingsley, W. (2003). Communists on Campus: Race, Politics, and the Public University in Sixties North Carolina. Athens, GA: Georgia.
Boren, M. E. (2013). Student resistance: A history of the unruly subject. London, UK: Routledge.
Bottoms, M. (2016). If They Come, We Will Build It: The Creation of the Office of Afro-American Affairs at Indiana University. Journal of the Student Personnel Association at Indiana University, 49-62.
Bradley, S. M. (2010). Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black student power in the late 1960s. Urbana, IL: Illinois.
Braungart, M. M., & Braungart, R. G. (1990). The life-course development of left-and right-wing youth activist leaders from the 1960s. Political Psychology, 243-282.
Brady, M. P. (2000). The fungibility of borders. Nepantla: Views from South, 1(1), 171-190.
Brown, T. S. (2013). The sixties in the city: avant-gardes and urban rebels in New York, London, and West Berlin. Journal of Social History, 46(4), 817-842.
Brown, T. S. (2013). West Germany and the Global Sixties. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge.
Brown, T., & Lison, A. (Eds.). (2014). The Global Sixties in Sound and Vision: media, counterculture, revolt. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Capshew, J. H. (2012). Herman B Wells: The promise of the American university. Bloomington, IN: Indiana.
Christiansen, S., & Scarlett, Z. A. (Eds.). (2013). The Third World in the Global 1960s. London, UK: Berghahn.
Clemons, M. L., & Jones, C. E. (1999). Global solidarity: The Black Panther Party in the international arena. New Political Science, 21(2), 177-203.
Cohen, S. (2002). Moral panics as cultural politics, Introduction to the third edition. Folk Devils and Moral Panic London, UK: Routledge.
Cohen, D., & Frazier, L. J. (2014). Global Scale: ’68 and methodologies in global studies. In Hilary Kahn (Ed.), Framing the Global (pp. 253-275). Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.
Cohen, D., & Frazier, L. J. (2015). More than Mojo: gender, sex, and the racialized erotics of Global ‘68. Kalfou, A Journal of Comparative and Relational Ethnic Studies, 2(1), pp. 50-68.
Cohen, D., & Frazier, L. J. (2018). You Can’t Always Get What You Want: Mexico ’68 and the Winter of Revolutionary Discontent. The American Historical Review, 123(3), pp. 739-743.
(2018). Columbia Spectator. The Eye: the 1968 Special Issue.
Connery, C. L. (2007). The world sixties. In Connery, C.L., & Wilson, R. (Eds.), The worlding project: doing cultural studies in the era of globalization (pp. 77-108). Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.
Cordier, A. (1967). Motivations and methods of Dag Hammarskjold. In Cordier, A., & Maxwell, K. (Eds.), Paths to World Order (pp. 1-21). New York, NY: Columbia.
Cordier, A., & Maxwell, K. (1967). Foreword. In Cordier, A., & Maxwell, K. (Eds.), Paths to World Order. New York, NY: Columbia.
Cordier, A., & Maxwell, K. (Eds.) (1967). Paths to World Order. New York, NY: Columbia.
Coronil, F. (2000). Towards a critique of globalcentrism: speculations on capitalism’s nature. Public Culture, 12(2), 351-374.
Cox Commission. (1968). Crisis at Columbia: Report of the Fact-Finding Commission Appointed to Investigate the Disturbances at Columbia University in April and May,1968. New York, NY: Vintage.
de Fanelli, A. G., Altbach, P., & Balán, J. (2007). Transforming Research Universities in Asia and Latin America: World Class Worldwide - Johns Hopkins, 189-215.
de Haan, F. (2018). The global left-feminist 1960s: From Copenhagen to Moscow and New York. In The Routledge Handbook of the Global Sixties (pp. 230-242). London, UK: Routledge.
Denis, A. B. (1973). Changing functions of the university in Britain. Research in Higher Education, 1(2), 155-162.
Dennis, L. E., & Kaufmann, J. F. (1966) The College and the Student: An Assessment of the Relationships and Responsibilities in Undergraduate Education by Administration, Faculty Members, and Public Officials. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
Dent, H. C. (1961). Universities in transition. London, UK: Cohen & West, Ltd.
Du Bois, C.A. (1956). Foreign Students and Higher Education in the United States. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
Dubinsky, K., Krull, C., Lord, S., Mills, S., & Rutherford, S (Eds.) (2009). New world coming: The sixties and the shaping of global consciousness. Toronto, ON: Between the Lines.
Dudden, A.P., & Dynes, R.R. (Ed). (1987). The Fulbright Experience. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Farrell, J. J. (2013). The spirit of the sixties: The making of postwar radicalism. London, UK: Routledge.
Fletcher, B. (1968). Universities in the modern world. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
Fogelson, R. M. (1970). Violence and grievances: reflections on the 1960s riots. Journal of Social Issues, 26(1), 141-163
Frazier, L. J., & Cohen, D. (2003). Mexico ‘68: Defining the Space of the Movement, Heroic Masculinity in the Prison, and Women in the Streets. Hispanic American Historical Review, 83(4), 617-660.
Frazier, L., & Cohen, D. (Eds.). (2009, 2018 pbk). Gender and sexuality in 1968: Transformative politics in the cultural imagination. New York, NY: Palgrave MacMillan.
Gallimore, S. S. (2018). Setting the Stage for Change: The Groups Scholars Program at Indiana University. Journal of the Student Personnel Association at Indiana University.
Gane, M. (2018). The «68 Disobedient Generation» and the Rise of ChiVirLa. In Castro, J. E., Fowler, B., & Gomes, L. (Eds.), Time, Science and the Critique of Technological Reason (pp. 289-319). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Geidel, M. (2015). Peace Corps fantasies: How development shaped the global sixties. Minneapolis, MN: Minnesota.
Gelfand, M. (1978). A Non-Racial Island of Learning: A History of the University College of Rhodesia from Its Inception to 1966. Gweru, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.
Gilman, Nils. (2004). Mandarins of the Future Modernization Theory in Cold War America. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
Gorovitz, S., & Goodman, P. (1967). Freedom and Order in the University. Berkeley, CA: University Press Books.
Gorsuch, A. E., & Koenker, D. P. (Eds.). (2013). The socialist sixties: crossing borders in the second world. Bloomington, IN: Indiana.
Grewal, I., & Kaplan, C. (2000). Postcolonial studies and transnational feminist practices. Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies, 5(1).
Gurr, T. R., & Duvall, R. (1973). Civil conflict in the 1960s: A reciprocal theoretical system with parameter estimates. Comparative Political Studies, 6(2), 135-169.
Hall, S. (1986). The Problem of Ideology-Marxism without Guarantees. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 10(2), 28-44.
Hamilton, N. (2011). Mexico: Political, Social, and Economic Evolution. New York: Oxford.
Hartmann, D. (2003). Race, culture, and the revolt of the black athlete: The 1968 Olympic protests and their aftermath. Chicago, IL: Chicago.
Heale, M.J. (2005). The Sixties as history: A review of the political historiography. Reviews in American History, 33(1), 133-152.
Hodgkinson, D. (2018). Subversive communities and the «Rhodesian Sixties»: An exploration of transnational protests, 1965-1973. In The Routledge Handbook of the Global Sixties (pp. 39-52). London: Routledge.
Hyndman, J. (2004). Mind the gap: bridging feminist and political geography through geopolitics. Political Geography, 23(3), 307-322.
International Institute for Educational Planning, UNESCO (nd). http://www.iiep.unesco.org/en/institute/history
Jefferson, T. (2008). Policing the crisis revisited: The state, masculinity, fear of crime and racism. In Crime Media Culture, 4(1), 113-121.
Kahn, H. (Ed.). (2014). Framing the Global: Entry Points for Research. Bloomington, IN: Indiana.
Katsiaficas, G. N. (1987). The Imagination of the New Left: A global analysis of 1968. Boston, MA: South End.
Klimke, M. (2011). The other alliance: student protest in West Germany and the United States in the global sixties. Princeton, NJ: Princeton.
Lieberman, R. (2004). Prairie power: Voices of 1960s Midwestern student protest. Columbia, MO: Missouri.
Mair, John. (2003) The Advocate. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/jul/10/students.uk
Markarian, V. (2014). To the Beat of «The Walrus»: Uruguayan Communists and Youth Culture in the Global Sixties. The Americas, 70(3), 363-392.
McGuigan, G.F., Payerle, G., & Hobobin, P. (1968). Student protest: the student radical in search of issues; or, please don’t shoot the piano player. Toronto, ON: Methuen.
Mlambo, A. S. (1995). Student protest and state reaction in colonial Rhodesia: The 1973 Chimukwembe student demonstration at the University of Rhodesia. Journal of Southern African Studies, 21(3), 473-490.
Mutowo, M. K., & April, K. (2012). A path dependency investigation into the sources of sustainable competitive advantage of the University of Rhodesia, 1945-1980: The influence of initial conditions. International Journal of Management Research and Business Strategy, 1(1), 138-166.
Myers, T. (2014). Local Action and Global Imagining: Youth, International Development, and the Walkathon Phenomenon in Sixties’ and Seventies’ Canada. Diplomatic History, 38(2), 282-293.
n.a. An alumni medal is given Cordier. New York Times, November, 13, 1970, 33. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/13/archives/an-alumni-medal-is-given-cordier-tribute-paid-for-creating.html
n.a. «¡Nuestra Autonomía! ¡Viva la UNAM! ¡Viva la Autonomía universitaria!». Cronica de Oaxaca 1968. 31 July 1968.
Ordorika, I., & Pusser, B. (2007). La máxima casa de estudios: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México as a state-building university. In Altbach, P. and Balán, J. (Eds.), Transforming research universities in Asia and Latin America: World class worldwide (pp. 189-215). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins.
Patel, H. H. (1981). The relationship between the university and government. In Chidiya et.al. eds. The Role of the University and its Future in Zimbabwe: International Conference Papers. Harare, Zimbabwe: Harare Publishing House.
Pensado, J. M. (2013). Rebel Mexico: Student unrest and authoritarian political culture during the long sixties. Stanford, CA: Stanford.
Pensado, J. M. (2014). «To Assault with The Truth»: The Revitalization of Conservative Militancy in Mexico During the Global Sixties. The Americas, 70(3), 489-521.
Peterson, A. D. C. (1967). Educational reform in England and Wales, 1955-1966. Comparative Education Review, 11(3), 288-299.
Piccini, J. (2013). Light from the East: travel to China and Australian activism in the «Long Sixties. The Sixties, 6(1), 25-44.
Plesch, C. E. (1981). The Three Worlds, or the Division of Social Scientific Labor, Circa 1950-1975. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23(4), 565-590.
Righart H. (1998). Moderate versions of the «global sixties»: A comparison of Great Britain and the Netherlands. Journal of Area Studies, 6(13), 82-96.
Rohloff, A., & Wright, S. (2010). Moral panic and social theory: Beyond the heuristic. Current Sociology, 58(3), 403-419.
Rohstock, A. (2012). Some Things Never Change. In Theories of Bildung and Growth (pp. 165-182). Rotterdam: Sense.
Ross, M. G. (Ed.). (1966). New universities in the modern world. New York: Macmillan.
Rostow, W. W. (1960). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto. Cambridge: Cambridge.
Sassen, S. (2016). The Global City: Strategic Site, New Frontier. In Managing Urban Futures (pp. 89-104). Routledge.
Seigel, M. (2018). Introduction: Global Moral Panics and the affective contours of power. In Seigel, M. (Ed.), Panic, Transnational Cultural Studies, and the Affective Contours of Power (pp. 1-24). New York: Routledge.
Shannon, M. (2011). «Contacts with the opposition»: American foreign relations, the Iranian student movement, and the global sixties. The Sixties, 4(1), 1-29.
Shaw, M. D. (2012). The influence of campus protest on student conduct policies: the case of Indiana University Bloomington. Journal of the Student Personnel Association at Indiana University, 14-26.
Shih, S. M. (2016). Race and Relation: The global sixties in the south of the South. Comparative Literature, 68(2), 141-154.
Stahr, E. (1962). Education in a Changing World, 1-9; Speeches of President Elvis J. Stahr, Collection C48, Indiana University Archives, Bloomington.
Stewart, J. C. (2015). Introduction: 1968: A Revolution of the Mind. Kalfou, 2(1), 8-20.
Suri, J. (2009). Power and protest: global revolution and the rise of détente. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
Thompson, K. (1998). Moral Panic. Psychology Press.
Tsing, A. (2000). The global situation. Cultural anthropology, 15(3), 327-360.
Wells, H. B. (1964). Preface. In The Foreign Student: Whom Shall We Welcome? The report of the Education and World Affairs Study Committee on Foreign Student Affairs. New York: Education and World Affairs.
Wilton, S. D. (2014). Mexico 1968: Mechanisms of State Control–Tlatelolco, the PRI, and the Student Movement. (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Oregon.
Winston, R. M. (1972). The political economy of higher education. (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Massachusetts.
Waskow, A. I., & Waskow, A. O. (1966). From race riot to sit-in, 1919 and the 1960s: A study in the connections between conflict and violence. Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company.
Wynkoop, M. A. (2017). Dissent in the Heartland, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Sixties at Indiana University. Bloomington, IN: Indiana.
Zolov, E. (2004). Showcasing the «land of tomorrow»: Mexico and the 1968 Olympics. The Americas, 61(2), 159-188.
